Water softening is the process of removing the dissolved calcium and magnesium salts that cause hardness in water. Hard water can cause problems such as scale build-up in pipes and fittings, and can interfere with cleaners such as soap . Softened water, on the other hand, does not form insoluble scale or precipitates in pipes and tanks, and requires less soap for the same cleaning effort. Water softening can be achieved either by adding chemicals that form insoluble precipitates or by ion exchange. The lime-soda method of water softening must be followed by sedimentation and filtration in order to remove the precipitates. Ion exchange is a common industrial method of water softening, which is accomplished by passing the water through columns of a natural or synthetic resin that trades sodium ions for calcium and magnesium ions.

In summary, water softening is an indispensable process in many industries and is common in homes with hard water. It helps to extend the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes and fittings, and requires less soap for the same cleaning effort.

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